Fact#1:Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a condition in which single or multiple blood clots form in a vein

Fact#2: Deep venous thrombosis most commonly occurs in deep veins of the extremities and pelvis and is associated with inflammation of the vessel wall.

Fact#3: The clot can limit blood flow through the vessel, causing swelling and pain.

Fact#4: Part of the clot may embolize, usually to the lung, causing pulmonary embolism (PE), a diagnosis with 35% mortality and the cause of 200,000 deaths per year in the United States.

Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the occurrence of segmental nonatherosclerotic thrombotic occlusions of small- and medium-sized arteries in the lower, and frequently the upper, extremities in young smokers, accompanied by a prominent arterial wall inflammatory cell infiltration. The incidence of Thromboangiitis Obliterans is 8 to 12 per 100,000 adults in the United States (0.75% of all patients with peripheral arterial disease).

Biliary colic is a form of pain, associated with symptomatic cholelithiasis (presence of calculi within the gallbladder), which starts and stops abruptly. Biliary colic affects biliary and liver systems. One to two percent of patients with cholelithiasis become symptomatic per year. Over 20 years, two-thirds of patients will remain asymptomatic. If a patient has one episode of biliary colic, he has a 70% likelihood of having a second episode within 1 year.

Lower extremity arterial insufficiency is typically caused by  atherosclerosis. A spectrum of clinical severity ranges from asymptomatic arterial insufficiency, to intermittent claudication (pain with walking), to critical limb ischemia (pain at rest or the presence of ulcer or gangrene). Incidence and Prevalence: symptomatic arterial insufficiency is present in 5% to 15% of the adult population >55 years old. One to two percent of the adult population suffers from critical limb ischemia. Incidence and prevalence increases with age; rare in patients <40 years old. Males are affected more often than females in patients <70 years old, whereas no gender differences observed in patients >70 years old. Gender difference is decreasing, presumably due to increased smoking by women.

It is necessary to remember that right position on the operating table can affect a state of the patient considerably. Possible pathological reactions, associated with the position of a body, often happen in the presence of cardiovascular failure, hypovolemia, a pathology of respiratory system etc. Spine position during surgery is the most safe. During total anaesthesia at spontaneous breath due to pharynx musculation relaxation the root of tongue can sink down and hence obstruct respiratory tracts.

After the first pregnancy many women notice an appearance of varicose veins. Sometimes varicose veins appear on the bottom of feet, and can be accompanied by a pain, swelling and an itch.Let's learn possible causes of varicose at pregnancy:

1. A growing press of the uterus on the inferior cava vein (the hugest vein at the lower part of a body), leads to excessive load on veins of the feet.
2. Increased blood volume leading to higher numbers of blood pressure.
3. Raising level of progesterone hormone that invokes weakening of vein walls.
4. Multiple-fetus pregnancy (or pregnancy with two or more fetuses) renders the raised load on feet.
5. If your relatives have any problems with their veins there's a a good chance that you will have similar problems.

A wound can be a mere superficial skin abrasion (excoriation) or, when further tissue layers are damaged as well it can also have considerable depth (deep wound) and reach, and open, body cavities (penetrating wound). On the type of force (e. g. cut with a sharp knife, stab with a dagger, hammer blow, entrance and exit of a bullet, crushing and tearing), its direction and the course of the grain of the skin, depends on the form of the wound-edges (split, defect, flap). The edges of the wound gape to a greater or lesser extent, according to the elasticity of the separated tissue, so that the edges of divided blood vessels, muscles, tendons and nerves are drawn far apart. Wounds in tissues without elastic elements (e. g. liver, kidneys, brain) scarcely gape at all. The condition of the edges of the wound is of very great importance in healing

When a patient visits the consulting room of a doctor, he does so in the hope of being cured of his disease, or at least relieved from his suffering. For the patient the desire for treatment comes first. If the patient is to be successfully treated, however, the disease must first be recognized. For the physician, therefore, diagnosis comes first. It is only on this foundation that treatment (therapy) and prevention (prophylaxis) can be built, and the assessment of the probable result (prognosis) also depends on it. The aim must always be to discover the cause (aetiology) of the disease, so that causal treatment can be instituted, but one often has to be content with establishing the clinical symptoms and morphological changes.